1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:53,310 I 2 00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:53,320 3 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:58,950 then k minus nine eight seven six five 4 00:00:58,950 --> 00:00:58,960 then k minus nine eight seven six five 5 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:05,520 then k minus nine eight seven six five four three two one solid rocket ignition 6 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:05,530 four three two one solid rocket ignition 7 00:01:05,530 --> 00:01:08,340 four three two one solid rocket ignition and liftoff liftoff of Columbia on a 8 00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:08,350 and liftoff liftoff of Columbia on a 9 00:01:08,350 --> 00:01:40,209 and liftoff liftoff of Columbia on a voyage to the future 10 00:01:40,209 --> 00:01:40,219 11 00:01:40,219 --> 00:01:42,800 the isothermal dendritic growth 12 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:42,810 the isothermal dendritic growth 13 00:01:42,810 --> 00:01:46,190 the isothermal dendritic growth experiment or idge is a microgravity 14 00:01:46,190 --> 00:01:46,200 experiment or idge is a microgravity 15 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:49,130 experiment or idge is a microgravity material science experiment plan to fly 16 00:01:49,130 --> 00:01:49,140 material science experiment plan to fly 17 00:01:49,140 --> 00:01:51,170 material science experiment plan to fly on board the space shuttle Columbia as 18 00:01:51,170 --> 00:01:51,180 on board the space shuttle Columbia as 19 00:01:51,180 --> 00:01:53,389 on board the space shuttle Columbia as part of the United States microgravity 20 00:01:53,389 --> 00:01:53,399 part of the United States microgravity 21 00:01:53,399 --> 00:01:56,539 part of the United States microgravity payload mission it is a fundamental 22 00:01:56,539 --> 00:01:56,549 payload mission it is a fundamental 23 00:01:56,549 --> 00:01:58,880 payload mission it is a fundamental materials research experiment to help 24 00:01:58,880 --> 00:01:58,890 materials research experiment to help 25 00:01:58,890 --> 00:02:01,100 materials research experiment to help better understand and correlate what 26 00:02:01,100 --> 00:02:01,110 better understand and correlate what 27 00:02:01,110 --> 00:02:03,919 better understand and correlate what parameters affect the size and shape of 28 00:02:03,919 --> 00:02:03,929 parameters affect the size and shape of 29 00:02:03,929 --> 00:02:05,899 parameters affect the size and shape of crystals which determine the final 30 00:02:05,899 --> 00:02:05,909 crystals which determine the final 31 00:02:05,909 --> 00:02:10,040 crystals which determine the final properties of materials idge was 32 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:10,050 properties of materials idge was 33 00:02:10,050 --> 00:02:11,600 properties of materials idge was conceived at the Rensselaer Polytechnic 34 00:02:11,600 --> 00:02:11,610 conceived at the Rensselaer Polytechnic 35 00:02:11,610 --> 00:02:14,449 conceived at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy New York which is 36 00:02:14,449 --> 00:02:14,459 Institute in Troy New York which is 37 00:02:14,459 --> 00:02:16,430 Institute in Troy New York which is responsible for the science and 38 00:02:16,430 --> 00:02:16,440 responsible for the science and 39 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:19,339 responsible for the science and dendritic growth chamber development dr. 40 00:02:19,339 --> 00:02:19,349 dendritic growth chamber development dr. 41 00:02:19,349 --> 00:02:22,880 dendritic growth chamber development dr. Martin a gliksin of rpi is the idge 42 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:22,890 Martin a gliksin of rpi is the idge 43 00:02:22,890 --> 00:02:26,390 Martin a gliksin of rpi is the idge principal investigator well what we hope 44 00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:26,400 principal investigator well what we hope 45 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:30,080 principal investigator well what we hope to accomplish in the idg experiment is 46 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:30,090 to accomplish in the idg experiment is 47 00:02:30,090 --> 00:02:34,220 to accomplish in the idg experiment is to be able to observe the growth rates 48 00:02:34,220 --> 00:02:34,230 to be able to observe the growth rates 49 00:02:34,230 --> 00:02:35,380 to be able to observe the growth rates and 50 00:02:35,380 --> 00:02:35,390 and 51 00:02:35,390 --> 00:02:37,720 and krystal morphologies of dendritic 52 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:37,730 krystal morphologies of dendritic 53 00:02:37,730 --> 00:02:42,160 krystal morphologies of dendritic crystals as they form and develop in the 54 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:42,170 crystals as they form and develop in the 55 00:02:42,170 --> 00:02:43,870 crystals as they form and develop in the microgravity environment of low-earth 56 00:02:43,870 --> 00:02:43,880 microgravity environment of low-earth 57 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:49,890 microgravity environment of low-earth orbit this experiment will constitute a 58 00:02:49,890 --> 00:02:49,900 orbit this experiment will constitute a 59 00:02:49,900 --> 00:02:53,140 orbit this experiment will constitute a basic check of the physics theories of 60 00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:53,150 basic check of the physics theories of 61 00:02:53,150 --> 00:02:56,490 basic check of the physics theories of dendritic growth and provide some 62 00:02:56,490 --> 00:02:56,500 dendritic growth and provide some 63 00:02:56,500 --> 00:03:01,150 dendritic growth and provide some critical data for the assessment of the 64 00:03:01,150 --> 00:03:01,160 critical data for the assessment of the 65 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,479 critical data for the assessment of the scientific concepts that form the 66 00:03:04,479 --> 00:03:04,489 scientific concepts that form the 67 00:03:04,489 --> 00:03:06,760 scientific concepts that form the framework of our understanding of this 68 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:06,770 framework of our understanding of this 69 00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:08,770 framework of our understanding of this rather important metallurgical 70 00:03:08,770 --> 00:03:08,780 rather important metallurgical 71 00:03:08,780 --> 00:03:12,850 rather important metallurgical phenomenon the experiment will take 72 00:03:12,850 --> 00:03:12,860 phenomenon the experiment will take 73 00:03:12,860 --> 00:03:15,310 phenomenon the experiment will take place inside this experiment apparatus 74 00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:15,320 place inside this experiment apparatus 75 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:17,350 place inside this experiment apparatus container which will be mounted on the 76 00:03:17,350 --> 00:03:17,360 container which will be mounted on the 77 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:19,930 container which will be mounted on the support structure inside the cargo bay 78 00:03:19,930 --> 00:03:19,940 support structure inside the cargo bay 79 00:03:19,940 --> 00:03:22,840 support structure inside the cargo bay of the spacecraft the experiment 80 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:22,850 of the spacecraft the experiment 81 00:03:22,850 --> 00:03:25,330 of the spacecraft the experiment apparatus is a miniaturized automated 82 00:03:25,330 --> 00:03:25,340 apparatus is a miniaturized automated 83 00:03:25,340 --> 00:03:28,030 apparatus is a miniaturized automated space laboratory that was designed and 84 00:03:28,030 --> 00:03:28,040 space laboratory that was designed and 85 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:30,610 space laboratory that was designed and built by a team of engineers at the NASA 86 00:03:30,610 --> 00:03:30,620 built by a team of engineers at the NASA 87 00:03:30,620 --> 00:03:33,540 built by a team of engineers at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland Ohio 88 00:03:33,540 --> 00:03:33,550 Lewis Research Center in Cleveland Ohio 89 00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:36,370 Lewis Research Center in Cleveland Ohio the specific objective of this space 90 00:03:36,370 --> 00:03:36,380 the specific objective of this space 91 00:03:36,380 --> 00:03:39,040 the specific objective of this space experiment is to improve the quality of 92 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:39,050 experiment is to improve the quality of 93 00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:41,440 experiment is to improve the quality of metals through the study of sixy known 94 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:41,450 metals through the study of sixy known 95 00:03:41,450 --> 00:03:44,620 metals through the study of sixy known nitrile this material was chosen because 96 00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:44,630 nitrile this material was chosen because 97 00:03:44,630 --> 00:03:47,140 nitrile this material was chosen because it mimics the behavior of iron in its 98 00:03:47,140 --> 00:03:47,150 it mimics the behavior of iron in its 99 00:03:47,150 --> 00:03:50,110 it mimics the behavior of iron in its melting and solidifying process with one 100 00:03:50,110 --> 00:03:50,120 melting and solidifying process with one 101 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:52,900 melting and solidifying process with one additional advantage it is clear and 102 00:03:52,900 --> 00:03:52,910 additional advantage it is clear and 103 00:03:52,910 --> 00:03:56,860 additional advantage it is clear and transparent metals are not transparent 104 00:03:56,860 --> 00:03:56,870 transparent metals are not transparent 105 00:03:56,870 --> 00:03:59,590 transparent metals are not transparent we cannot see what is happening to their 106 00:03:59,590 --> 00:03:59,600 we cannot see what is happening to their 107 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:02,650 we cannot see what is happening to their structure when they solidify if we were 108 00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:02,660 structure when they solidify if we were 109 00:04:02,660 --> 00:04:04,420 structure when they solidify if we were able to better understand what is 110 00:04:04,420 --> 00:04:04,430 able to better understand what is 111 00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:06,310 able to better understand what is occurring to the crystalline structure 112 00:04:06,310 --> 00:04:06,320 occurring to the crystalline structure 113 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:08,289 occurring to the crystalline structure of the metal we would stand a much 114 00:04:08,289 --> 00:04:08,299 of the metal we would stand a much 115 00:04:08,299 --> 00:04:10,060 of the metal we would stand a much greater chance of improving its 116 00:04:10,060 --> 00:04:10,070 greater chance of improving its 117 00:04:10,070 --> 00:04:13,479 greater chance of improving its qualities that then is the objective of 118 00:04:13,479 --> 00:04:13,489 qualities that then is the objective of 119 00:04:13,489 --> 00:04:16,930 qualities that then is the objective of this space experiment this containment 120 00:04:16,930 --> 00:04:16,940 this space experiment this containment 121 00:04:16,940 --> 00:04:19,240 this space experiment this containment vessel houses the device through which 122 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:19,250 vessel houses the device through which 123 00:04:19,250 --> 00:04:21,610 vessel houses the device through which we will attempt to learn and understand 124 00:04:21,610 --> 00:04:21,620 we will attempt to learn and understand 125 00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:24,340 we will attempt to learn and understand the internal changes taking place inside 126 00:04:24,340 --> 00:04:24,350 the internal changes taking place inside 127 00:04:24,350 --> 00:04:28,360 the internal changes taking place inside these solidifying materials inside the 128 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:28,370 these solidifying materials inside the 129 00:04:28,370 --> 00:04:30,159 these solidifying materials inside the containment vessel of the automated 130 00:04:30,159 --> 00:04:30,169 containment vessel of the automated 131 00:04:30,169 --> 00:04:32,710 containment vessel of the automated space laboratory there is an isothermal 132 00:04:32,710 --> 00:04:32,720 space laboratory there is an isothermal 133 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,950 space laboratory there is an isothermal bath it is a two gallon tank filled with 134 00:04:35,950 --> 00:04:35,960 bath it is a two gallon tank filled with 135 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:38,020 bath it is a two gallon tank filled with a mixture of ethylene glycol and water 136 00:04:38,020 --> 00:04:38,030 a mixture of ethylene glycol and water 137 00:04:38,030 --> 00:04:39,850 a mixture of ethylene glycol and water in which the temperature can be 138 00:04:39,850 --> 00:04:39,860 in which the temperature can be 139 00:04:39,860 --> 00:04:42,670 in which the temperature can be maintained to within two thousandth of a 140 00:04:42,670 --> 00:04:42,680 maintained to within two thousandth of a 141 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,570 maintained to within two thousandth of a degree it has a heater coil in it and a 142 00:04:46,570 --> 00:04:46,580 degree it has a heater coil in it and a 143 00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:48,150 degree it has a heater coil in it and a small impeller down at the 144 00:04:48,150 --> 00:04:48,160 small impeller down at the 145 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:50,910 small impeller down at the to assure good mixing of the ethylene 146 00:04:50,910 --> 00:04:50,920 to assure good mixing of the ethylene 147 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:53,310 to assure good mixing of the ethylene glycol and water so that there is an 148 00:04:53,310 --> 00:04:53,320 glycol and water so that there is an 149 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,380 glycol and water so that there is an even temperature distribution within the 150 00:04:55,380 --> 00:04:55,390 even temperature distribution within the 151 00:04:55,390 --> 00:04:59,160 even temperature distribution within the vessel the isothermal tank also has four 152 00:04:59,160 --> 00:04:59,170 vessel the isothermal tank also has four 153 00:04:59,170 --> 00:05:01,080 vessel the isothermal tank also has four windows on it to accommodate the 154 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:01,090 windows on it to accommodate the 155 00:05:01,090 --> 00:05:03,960 windows on it to accommodate the necessary photography mounted to the 156 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:03,970 necessary photography mounted to the 157 00:05:03,970 --> 00:05:07,350 necessary photography mounted to the tank are 2 35 millimeter cameras which 158 00:05:07,350 --> 00:05:07,360 tank are 2 35 millimeter cameras which 159 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:10,710 tank are 2 35 millimeter cameras which record the dendritic growth and to slow 160 00:05:10,710 --> 00:05:10,720 record the dendritic growth and to slow 161 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:13,650 record the dendritic growth and to slow scan television cameras the television 162 00:05:13,650 --> 00:05:13,660 scan television cameras the television 163 00:05:13,660 --> 00:05:16,670 scan television cameras the television cameras monitor the dendritic growth and 164 00:05:16,670 --> 00:05:16,680 cameras monitor the dendritic growth and 165 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:19,920 cameras monitor the dendritic growth and activate the 35 millimeter cameras when 166 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:19,930 activate the 35 millimeter cameras when 167 00:05:19,930 --> 00:05:23,190 activate the 35 millimeter cameras when growth and the experiment begins the 168 00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:23,200 growth and the experiment begins the 169 00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:25,200 growth and the experiment begins the rack around the tank provides a place to 170 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:25,210 rack around the tank provides a place to 171 00:05:25,210 --> 00:05:28,050 rack around the tank provides a place to mount the circuit boards the experiments 172 00:05:28,050 --> 00:05:28,060 mount the circuit boards the experiments 173 00:05:28,060 --> 00:05:30,240 mount the circuit boards the experiments will take place inside this growth 174 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:30,250 will take place inside this growth 175 00:05:30,250 --> 00:05:32,010 will take place inside this growth chamber which was conceived and 176 00:05:32,010 --> 00:05:32,020 chamber which was conceived and 177 00:05:32,020 --> 00:05:33,450 chamber which was conceived and developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic 178 00:05:33,450 --> 00:05:33,460 developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic 179 00:05:33,460 --> 00:05:37,080 developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute the chamber is constructed out 180 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:37,090 Institute the chamber is constructed out 181 00:05:37,090 --> 00:05:40,080 Institute the chamber is constructed out of stainless steel and glass their 182 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:40,090 of stainless steel and glass their 183 00:05:40,090 --> 00:05:42,570 of stainless steel and glass their misters extend from the bottom of the 184 00:05:42,570 --> 00:05:42,580 misters extend from the bottom of the 185 00:05:42,580 --> 00:05:45,450 misters extend from the bottom of the growth chamber up into the volume of 16 186 00:05:45,450 --> 00:05:45,460 growth chamber up into the volume of 16 187 00:05:45,460 --> 00:05:48,240 growth chamber up into the volume of 16 Oh nitrile they measure the temperature 188 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:48,250 Oh nitrile they measure the temperature 189 00:05:48,250 --> 00:05:50,340 Oh nitrile they measure the temperature of the dendritic growth with an accuracy 190 00:05:50,340 --> 00:05:50,350 of the dendritic growth with an accuracy 191 00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:53,630 of the dendritic growth with an accuracy of two thousandth of a degree Celsius 192 00:05:53,630 --> 00:05:53,640 of two thousandth of a degree Celsius 193 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:57,600 of two thousandth of a degree Celsius sixy no nitrile or SCM is encapsulated 194 00:05:57,600 --> 00:05:57,610 sixy no nitrile or SCM is encapsulated 195 00:05:57,610 --> 00:06:00,690 sixy no nitrile or SCM is encapsulated in the volume of the growth chamber the 196 00:06:00,690 --> 00:06:00,700 in the volume of the growth chamber the 197 00:06:00,700 --> 00:06:05,220 in the volume of the growth chamber the scn is 99.9 percent pure and was chosen 198 00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:05,230 scn is 99.9 percent pure and was chosen 199 00:06:05,230 --> 00:06:07,860 scn is 99.9 percent pure and was chosen because it mimics the behavior of iron 200 00:06:07,860 --> 00:06:07,870 because it mimics the behavior of iron 201 00:06:07,870 --> 00:06:11,150 because it mimics the behavior of iron in its melting and solidifying process 202 00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:11,160 in its melting and solidifying process 203 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:14,400 in its melting and solidifying process Sen is a solid at room temperature and 204 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:14,410 Sen is a solid at room temperature and 205 00:06:14,410 --> 00:06:18,080 Sen is a solid at room temperature and melts at 58 degrees centigrade that's 206 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:18,090 melts at 58 degrees centigrade that's 207 00:06:18,090 --> 00:06:21,090 melts at 58 degrees centigrade that's 136 degrees Fahrenheit 208 00:06:21,090 --> 00:06:21,100 136 degrees Fahrenheit 209 00:06:21,100 --> 00:06:23,940 136 degrees Fahrenheit now let's take a closer look at what we 210 00:06:23,940 --> 00:06:23,950 now let's take a closer look at what we 211 00:06:23,950 --> 00:06:26,340 now let's take a closer look at what we expect to achieve and learn through 212 00:06:26,340 --> 00:06:26,350 expect to achieve and learn through 213 00:06:26,350 --> 00:06:29,610 expect to achieve and learn through these experiments during the 214 00:06:29,610 --> 00:06:29,620 these experiments during the 215 00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:32,010 these experiments during the solidification process dendrites are 216 00:06:32,010 --> 00:06:32,020 solidification process dendrites are 217 00:06:32,020 --> 00:06:35,430 solidification process dendrites are formed dendrites are branching tree like 218 00:06:35,430 --> 00:06:35,440 formed dendrites are branching tree like 219 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,070 formed dendrites are branching tree like crystals that form during industrial 220 00:06:38,070 --> 00:06:38,080 crystals that form during industrial 221 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:41,010 crystals that form during industrial metal production understanding and 222 00:06:41,010 --> 00:06:41,020 metal production understanding and 223 00:06:41,020 --> 00:06:43,170 metal production understanding and correlating what parameters affect the 224 00:06:43,170 --> 00:06:43,180 correlating what parameters affect the 225 00:06:43,180 --> 00:06:45,090 correlating what parameters affect the size and shape of this crystallization 226 00:06:45,090 --> 00:06:45,100 size and shape of this crystallization 227 00:06:45,100 --> 00:06:47,780 size and shape of this crystallization will help us to understand and 228 00:06:47,780 --> 00:06:47,790 will help us to understand and 229 00:06:47,790 --> 00:06:50,010 will help us to understand and subsequently be able to predict the 230 00:06:50,010 --> 00:06:50,020 subsequently be able to predict the 231 00:06:50,020 --> 00:06:52,740 subsequently be able to predict the final properties of many metals alloys 232 00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:52,750 final properties of many metals alloys 233 00:06:52,750 --> 00:06:55,980 final properties of many metals alloys and super alloys and how we propose 234 00:06:55,980 --> 00:06:55,990 and super alloys and how we propose 235 00:06:55,990 --> 00:06:58,380 and super alloys and how we propose gathering that information is through 236 00:06:58,380 --> 00:06:58,390 gathering that information is through 237 00:06:58,390 --> 00:07:00,330 gathering that information is through this isothermal dendritic growth 238 00:07:00,330 --> 00:07:00,340 this isothermal dendritic growth 239 00:07:00,340 --> 00:07:04,260 this isothermal dendritic growth experiment the growth chamber is filled 240 00:07:04,260 --> 00:07:04,270 experiment the growth chamber is filled 241 00:07:04,270 --> 00:07:07,590 experiment the growth chamber is filled with scn material and contains a stinger 242 00:07:07,590 --> 00:07:07,600 with scn material and contains a stinger 243 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:10,830 with scn material and contains a stinger that is used to form the dendrites first 244 00:07:10,830 --> 00:07:10,840 that is used to form the dendrites first 245 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:14,160 that is used to form the dendrites first the scn material is melted by raising 246 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:14,170 the scn material is melted by raising 247 00:07:14,170 --> 00:07:16,550 the scn material is melted by raising the temperature of the isothermal bath 248 00:07:16,550 --> 00:07:16,560 the temperature of the isothermal bath 249 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:20,700 the temperature of the isothermal bath the molten scn is then cooled to just 250 00:07:20,700 --> 00:07:20,710 the molten scn is then cooled to just 251 00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:23,430 the molten scn is then cooled to just below its freezing point by reducing the 252 00:07:23,430 --> 00:07:23,440 below its freezing point by reducing the 253 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:26,430 below its freezing point by reducing the temperature of the isothermal bath the 254 00:07:26,430 --> 00:07:26,440 temperature of the isothermal bath the 255 00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:28,950 temperature of the isothermal bath the scn will not solidify at this 256 00:07:28,950 --> 00:07:28,960 scn will not solidify at this 257 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:31,200 scn will not solidify at this temperature because it is such a pure 258 00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:31,210 temperature because it is such a pure 259 00:07:31,210 --> 00:07:34,260 temperature because it is such a pure material the stinger is a hollow shaft 260 00:07:34,260 --> 00:07:34,270 material the stinger is a hollow shaft 261 00:07:34,270 --> 00:07:36,300 material the stinger is a hollow shaft which is also filled with the polymer 262 00:07:36,300 --> 00:07:36,310 which is also filled with the polymer 263 00:07:36,310 --> 00:07:39,180 which is also filled with the polymer scn and extends right into the volume of 264 00:07:39,180 --> 00:07:39,190 scn and extends right into the volume of 265 00:07:39,190 --> 00:07:41,660 scn and extends right into the volume of this scn material in the growth chamber 266 00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:41,670 this scn material in the growth chamber 267 00:07:41,670 --> 00:07:43,950 this scn material in the growth chamber using thermal electric coolers 268 00:07:43,950 --> 00:07:43,960 using thermal electric coolers 269 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:46,200 using thermal electric coolers additional chilling is started at the 270 00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:46,210 additional chilling is started at the 271 00:07:46,210 --> 00:07:48,120 additional chilling is started at the top of the stinger shaft which is 272 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:48,130 top of the stinger shaft which is 273 00:07:48,130 --> 00:07:50,870 top of the stinger shaft which is located outside of the growth chamber 274 00:07:50,870 --> 00:07:50,880 located outside of the growth chamber 275 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,630 located outside of the growth chamber as the Stinger cools too far below the 276 00:07:53,630 --> 00:07:53,640 as the Stinger cools too far below the 277 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,570 as the Stinger cools too far below the freezing point the scn inside the shaft 278 00:07:56,570 --> 00:07:56,580 freezing point the scn inside the shaft 279 00:07:56,580 --> 00:07:59,500 freezing point the scn inside the shaft solidifies the solidification process 280 00:07:59,500 --> 00:07:59,510 solidifies the solidification process 281 00:07:59,510 --> 00:08:02,870 solidifies the solidification process moves down the shaft and pops out at the 282 00:08:02,870 --> 00:08:02,880 moves down the shaft and pops out at the 283 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:05,180 moves down the shaft and pops out at the stinger tip which is being monitored by 284 00:08:05,180 --> 00:08:05,190 stinger tip which is being monitored by 285 00:08:05,190 --> 00:08:08,780 stinger tip which is being monitored by the slow scan television cameras when 286 00:08:08,780 --> 00:08:08,790 the slow scan television cameras when 287 00:08:08,790 --> 00:08:12,140 the slow scan television cameras when the SS TV and associated software spot a 288 00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:12,150 the SS TV and associated software spot a 289 00:08:12,150 --> 00:08:14,810 the SS TV and associated software spot a dendrite forming the 35 millimeter 290 00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:14,820 dendrite forming the 35 millimeter 291 00:08:14,820 --> 00:08:17,480 dendrite forming the 35 millimeter cameras are triggered the cameras are 292 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:17,490 cameras are triggered the cameras are 293 00:08:17,490 --> 00:08:20,000 cameras are triggered the cameras are set to expose six pictures at regular 294 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:20,010 set to expose six pictures at regular 295 00:08:20,010 --> 00:08:22,550 set to expose six pictures at regular intervals as the dendrite grows to fill 296 00:08:22,550 --> 00:08:22,560 intervals as the dendrite grows to fill 297 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:25,700 intervals as the dendrite grows to fill the field of view this entire process is 298 00:08:25,700 --> 00:08:25,710 the field of view this entire process is 299 00:08:25,710 --> 00:08:27,860 the field of view this entire process is monitored in Huntsville Alabama at 300 00:08:27,860 --> 00:08:27,870 monitored in Huntsville Alabama at 301 00:08:27,870 --> 00:08:30,590 monitored in Huntsville Alabama at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center to 302 00:08:30,590 --> 00:08:30,600 NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center to 303 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:32,060 NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center to assure that the experiment is 304 00:08:32,060 --> 00:08:32,070 assure that the experiment is 305 00:08:32,070 --> 00:08:35,150 assure that the experiment is progressing as expected in the payload 306 00:08:35,150 --> 00:08:35,160 progressing as expected in the payload 307 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,510 progressing as expected in the payload operations control center or POC the 308 00:08:38,510 --> 00:08:38,520 operations control center or POC the 309 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:40,250 operations control center or POC the growth velocity of the dendrite is 310 00:08:40,250 --> 00:08:40,260 growth velocity of the dendrite is 311 00:08:40,260 --> 00:08:43,400 growth velocity of the dendrite is measured if necessary timing of the 312 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:43,410 measured if necessary timing of the 313 00:08:43,410 --> 00:08:45,920 measured if necessary timing of the experiment can be adjusted and remelted 314 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:45,930 experiment can be adjusted and remelted 315 00:08:45,930 --> 00:08:48,410 experiment can be adjusted and remelted to repeat the experiment as often as 316 00:08:48,410 --> 00:08:48,420 to repeat the experiment as often as 317 00:08:48,420 --> 00:08:51,620 to repeat the experiment as often as might be required after the flight the 318 00:08:51,620 --> 00:08:51,630 might be required after the flight the 319 00:08:51,630 --> 00:08:53,960 might be required after the flight the 35 millimeter photos will be analyzed 320 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:53,970 35 millimeter photos will be analyzed 321 00:08:53,970 --> 00:08:58,400 35 millimeter photos will be analyzed for size and shape information these are 322 00:08:58,400 --> 00:08:58,410 for size and shape information these are 323 00:08:58,410 --> 00:09:01,100 for size and shape information these are dendrites which were grown on earth you 324 00:09:01,100 --> 00:09:01,110 dendrites which were grown on earth you 325 00:09:01,110 --> 00:09:02,990 dendrites which were grown on earth you can see the effects of gravity in their 326 00:09:02,990 --> 00:09:03,000 can see the effects of gravity in their 327 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,560 can see the effects of gravity in their formation there are no arms or branches 328 00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:06,570 formation there are no arms or branches 329 00:09:06,570 --> 00:09:09,320 formation there are no arms or branches on top of the stand right as this 330 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:09,330 on top of the stand right as this 331 00:09:09,330 --> 00:09:11,750 on top of the stand right as this material solidifies it gives off the 332 00:09:11,750 --> 00:09:11,760 material solidifies it gives off the 333 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,080 material solidifies it gives off the heat of fusion the heat works upward 334 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:15,090 heat of fusion the heat works upward 335 00:09:15,090 --> 00:09:17,300 heat of fusion the heat works upward causing the top of the sample to stay a 336 00:09:17,300 --> 00:09:17,310 causing the top of the sample to stay a 337 00:09:17,310 --> 00:09:20,690 causing the top of the sample to stay a little bit hotter as a result the bottom 338 00:09:20,690 --> 00:09:20,700 little bit hotter as a result the bottom 339 00:09:20,700 --> 00:09:23,300 little bit hotter as a result the bottom solidifies a little sooner than the top 340 00:09:23,300 --> 00:09:23,310 solidifies a little sooner than the top 341 00:09:23,310 --> 00:09:27,680 solidifies a little sooner than the top as the bottom cools gravity is creating 342 00:09:27,680 --> 00:09:27,690 as the bottom cools gravity is creating 343 00:09:27,690 --> 00:09:30,320 as the bottom cools gravity is creating a force which speeds up the downward 344 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:30,330 a force which speeds up the downward 345 00:09:30,330 --> 00:09:33,320 a force which speeds up the downward growth of the arms of the dendrite these 346 00:09:33,320 --> 00:09:33,330 growth of the arms of the dendrite these 347 00:09:33,330 --> 00:09:36,320 growth of the arms of the dendrite these convective forces confound the effect of 348 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:36,330 convective forces confound the effect of 349 00:09:36,330 --> 00:09:38,480 convective forces confound the effect of dendritic growth and make it difficult 350 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:38,490 dendritic growth and make it difficult 351 00:09:38,490 --> 00:09:40,460 dendritic growth and make it difficult to understand the formation of these 352 00:09:40,460 --> 00:09:40,470 to understand the formation of these 353 00:09:40,470 --> 00:09:43,760 to understand the formation of these dendrites the space environment will 354 00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:43,770 dendrites the space environment will 355 00:09:43,770 --> 00:09:46,220 dendrites the space environment will simplify this process and enable us to 356 00:09:46,220 --> 00:09:46,230 simplify this process and enable us to 357 00:09:46,230 --> 00:09:48,110 simplify this process and enable us to better understand the process of 358 00:09:48,110 --> 00:09:48,120 better understand the process of 359 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:49,740 better understand the process of crystallization 360 00:09:49,740 --> 00:09:49,750 crystallization 361 00:09:49,750 --> 00:09:52,440 crystallization the dendrites will be more symmetrical 362 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:52,450 the dendrites will be more symmetrical 363 00:09:52,450 --> 00:09:54,810 the dendrites will be more symmetrical because gravity will not be distorting 364 00:09:54,810 --> 00:09:54,820 because gravity will not be distorting 365 00:09:54,820 --> 00:09:57,270 because gravity will not be distorting the solidification process these 366 00:09:57,270 --> 00:09:57,280 the solidification process these 367 00:09:57,280 --> 00:09:59,850 the solidification process these experiments will be most beneficial to 368 00:09:59,850 --> 00:09:59,860 experiments will be most beneficial to 369 00:09:59,860 --> 00:10:03,240 experiments will be most beneficial to metal manufacturers they will provide a 370 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:03,250 metal manufacturers they will provide a 371 00:10:03,250 --> 00:10:05,250 metal manufacturers they will provide a fundamental understanding of how 372 00:10:05,250 --> 00:10:05,260 fundamental understanding of how 373 00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:07,710 fundamental understanding of how dendrites grow so that we can better 374 00:10:07,710 --> 00:10:07,720 dendrites grow so that we can better 375 00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,080 dendrites grow so that we can better understand how to make predictions of 376 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:10,090 understand how to make predictions of 377 00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:12,990 understand how to make predictions of the quality of an end product if we 378 00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:13,000 the quality of an end product if we 379 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,690 the quality of an end product if we understand the process we can improve it 380 00:10:15,690 --> 00:10:15,700 understand the process we can improve it 381 00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:19,080 understand the process we can improve it if we can improve it we will be able to 382 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:19,090 if we can improve it we will be able to 383 00:10:19,090 --> 00:10:22,260 if we can improve it we will be able to reduce scrap and produce stronger and 384 00:10:22,260 --> 00:10:22,270 reduce scrap and produce stronger and 385 00:10:22,270 --> 00:10:24,990 reduce scrap and produce stronger and more ductile materials it will be 386 00:10:24,990 --> 00:10:25,000 more ductile materials it will be 387 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,090 more ductile materials it will be possible to achieve whatever kind of 388 00:10:27,090 --> 00:10:27,100 possible to achieve whatever kind of 389 00:10:27,100 --> 00:10:29,460 possible to achieve whatever kind of property may be needed to satisfy the 390 00:10:29,460 --> 00:10:29,470 property may be needed to satisfy the 391 00:10:29,470 --> 00:10:32,640 property may be needed to satisfy the consumer everyone making products out of 392 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:32,650 consumer everyone making products out of 393 00:10:32,650 --> 00:10:34,770 consumer everyone making products out of any metal will benefit from what has 394 00:10:34,770 --> 00:10:34,780 any metal will benefit from what has 395 00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:36,770 any metal will benefit from what has learned from these experiments in the 396 00:10:36,770 --> 00:10:36,780 learned from these experiments in the 397 00:10:36,780 --> 00:10:41,190 learned from these experiments in the future automobiles airplanes ships and 398 00:10:41,190 --> 00:10:41,200 future automobiles airplanes ships and 399 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:43,620 future automobiles airplanes ships and many other metal products will be a 400 00:10:43,620 --> 00:10:43,630 many other metal products will be a 401 00:10:43,630 --> 00:10:45,630 many other metal products will be a little better and somewhat less 402 00:10:45,630 --> 00:10:45,640 little better and somewhat less 403 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,210 little better and somewhat less expensive because of the isothermal 404 00:10:48,210 --> 00:10:48,220 expensive because of the isothermal 405 00:10:48,220 --> 00:11:50,590 expensive because of the isothermal dendritic growth experiment 406 00:11:50,590 --> 00:11:50,600 407 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:52,660 you